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Garbled text equally a result of wrong graphic symbol encoding

Mojibake (Japanese: 文字化け; IPA: [mod͡ʑibake]) is the garbled text that is the result of text being decoded using an unintended character encoding.^[1] The result is a systematic replacement of symbols with completely unrelated ones, often from a different writing organization.

This display may include the generic replacement character ("�") in places where the binary representation is considered invalid. A replacement tin can also involve multiple consecutive symbols, as viewed in ane encoding, when the aforementioned binary code constitutes ane symbol in the other encoding. This is either because of differing constant length encoding (equally in Asian 16-chip encodings vs European viii-chip encodings), or the use of variable length encodings (notably UTF-8 and UTF-xvi).

Failed rendering of glyphs due to either missing fonts or missing glyphs in a font is a dissimilar issue that is non to exist confused with mojibake. Symptoms of this failed rendering include blocks with the code point displayed in hexadecimal or using the generic replacement character. Importantly, these replacements are valid and are the consequence of correct error handling by the software.

Etymology [edit]

Mojibake means "character transformation" in Japanese. The discussion is composed of 文字 (moji, IPA: [mod͡ʑi]), "grapheme" and 化け (bake, IPA: [bäke̞], pronounced "bah-keh"), "transform".

Causes [edit]

To correctly reproduce the original text that was encoded, the correspondence between the encoded data and the notion of its encoding must be preserved. As mojibake is the instance of not-compliance between these, it can be accomplished by manipulating the data itself, or merely relabeling it.

Mojibake is often seen with text data that have been tagged with a wrong encoding; it may non even exist tagged at all, simply moved betwixt computers with different default encodings. A major source of trouble are communication protocols that rely on settings on each reckoner rather than sending or storing metadata together with the data.

The differing default settings between computers are in function due to differing deployments of Unicode amid operating system families, and partly the legacy encodings' specializations for dissimilar writing systems of human being languages. Whereas Linux distributions by and large switched to UTF-8 in 2004,^[two] Microsoft Windows more often than not uses UTF-16, and sometimes uses eight-bit code pages for text files in unlike languages.^{[ dubious – talk over ]}

For some writing systems, an example being Japanese, several encodings have historically been employed, causing users to see mojibake relatively often. Equally a Japanese example, the discussion mojibake "文字化け" stored as EUC-JP might be incorrectly displayed as "ﾊｸｻ�ｽ､ｱ", "ﾊｸｻ嵂ｽ､ｱ" (MS-932), or "ﾊｸｻ郾ｽ､ｱ" (Shift JIS-2004). The same text stored as UTF-8 is displayed equally "譁�蟄怜喧縺�" if interpreted as Shift JIS. This is farther exacerbated if other locales are involved: the same UTF-eight text appears as "文字化ã'" in software that assumes text to be in the Windows-1252 or ISO-8859-1 encodings, usually labelled Western, or (for case) as "鏂囧瓧鍖栥亼" if interpreted equally being in a GBK (Mainland China) locale.

Mojibake instance

Original text	文		字		化		け
Raw bytes of EUC-JP encoding	CA	B8	BB	FA	B2	BD	A4	B1
Bytes interpreted equally Shift-JIS encoding	ﾊ	ｸ	ｻ	郾		ｽ	､	ｱ
Bytes interpreted as ISO-8859-1 encoding	Ê	¸	»	ú	²	½	¤	±
Bytes interpreted as GBK encoding	矢		机		步		け

Underspecification [edit]

If the encoding is not specified, it is up to the software to decide it past other ways. Depending on the type of software, the typical solution is either configuration or charset detection heuristics. Both are prone to mis-prediction in non-and so-uncommon scenarios.

The encoding of text files is affected by locale setting, which depends on the user's linguistic communication, brand of operating system and possibly other conditions. Therefore, the assumed encoding is systematically wrong for files that come from a computer with a dissimilar setting, or even from a differently localized software within the aforementioned arrangement. For Unicode, one solution is to apply a byte order mark, just for source code and other machine readable text, many parsers don't tolerate this. Another is storing the encoding as metadata in the file organisation. File systems that support extended file attributes can store this as user.charset.^[3] This too requires back up in software that wants to take advantage of it, simply does not disturb other software.

While a few encodings are easy to detect, in item UTF-8, in that location are many that are hard to distinguish (see charset detection). A web browser may non exist able to distinguish a page coded in EUC-JP and some other in Shift-JIS if the coding scheme is non assigned explicitly using HTTP headers sent along with the documents, or using the HTML document's meta tags that are used to substitute for missing HTTP headers if the server cannot be configured to send the proper HTTP headers; meet character encodings in HTML.

Mis-specification [edit]

Mojibake also occurs when the encoding is wrongly specified. This oft happens between encodings that are similar. For example, the Eudora email client for Windows was known to ship emails labelled equally ISO-8859-1 that were in reality Windows-1252.^[4] The Mac Bone version of Eudora did not exhibit this behaviour. Windows-1252 contains extra printable characters in the C1 range (the most frequently seen beingness curved quotation marks and actress dashes), that were not displayed properly in software complying with the ISO standard; this especially affected software running under other operating systems such equally Unix.

Human ignorance [edit]

Of the encodings still in use, many are partially compatible with each other, with ASCII as the predominant common subset. This sets the stage for human ignorance:

• Compatibility can be a deceptive belongings, as the common subset of characters is unaffected by a mixup of 2 encodings (see Problems in different writing systems).
• People remember they are using ASCII, and tend to label whatever superset of ASCII they really use as "ASCII". Perchance for simplification, but even in academic literature, the word "ASCII" can be found used as an example of something non compatible with Unicode, where manifestly "ASCII" is Windows-1252 and "Unicode" is UTF-viii.^[1] Note that UTF-viii is backwards uniform with ASCII.

Overspecification [edit]

When there are layers of protocols, each trying to specify the encoding based on different information, the least certain information may be misleading to the recipient. For example, consider a spider web server serving a static HTML file over HTTP. The graphic symbol set may be communicated to the client in any number of 3 means:

• in the HTTP header. This information can be based on server configuration (for example, when serving a file off deejay) or controlled past the application running on the server (for dynamic websites).
• in the file, every bit an HTML meta tag (http-equiv or charset) or the encoding attribute of an XML announcement. This is the encoding that the author meant to relieve the particular file in.
• in the file, equally a byte order marker. This is the encoding that the author's editor actually saved information technology in. Unless an accidental encoding conversion has happened (by opening it in one encoding and saving information technology in some other), this will be correct. It is, withal, only available in Unicode encodings such as UTF-8 or UTF-xvi.

Lack of hardware or software support [edit]

Much older hardware is typically designed to back up only 1 character set and the character set typically cannot be altered. The character table contained inside the display firmware will exist localized to have characters for the state the device is to be sold in, and typically the table differs from country to country. As such, these systems will potentially display mojibake when loading text generated on a arrangement from a unlike country. Likewise, many early operating systems do not support multiple encoding formats and thus will end up displaying mojibake if made to display non-standard text—early versions of Microsoft Windows and Palm OS for example, are localized on a per-state basis and will only back up encoding standards relevant to the country the localized version volition be sold in, and volition brandish mojibake if a file containing a text in a different encoding format from the version that the OS is designed to support is opened.

Resolutions [edit]

Applications using UTF-8 every bit a default encoding may achieve a greater caste of interoperability because of its widespread use and backward compatibility with US-ASCII. UTF-8 likewise has the ability to be directly recognised past a uncomplicated algorithm, so that well written software should be able to avoid mixing UTF-8 up with other encodings.

The difficulty of resolving an instance of mojibake varies depending on the application within which information technology occurs and the causes of it. Ii of the near common applications in which mojibake may occur are web browsers and word processors. Modern browsers and discussion processors often support a wide array of character encodings. Browsers often allow a user to change their rendering engine's encoding setting on the fly, while word processors permit the user to select the appropriate encoding when opening a file. It may accept some trial and error for users to find the correct encoding.

The problem gets more complicated when information technology occurs in an application that normally does not support a wide range of character encoding, such every bit in a non-Unicode figurer game. In this case, the user must change the operating system's encoding settings to lucifer that of the game. Withal, changing the system-wide encoding settings tin can also crusade Mojibake in pre-existing applications. In Windows XP or later, a user also has the option to utilize Microsoft AppLocale, an awarding that allows the changing of per-application locale settings. Even and then, changing the operating system encoding settings is not possible on earlier operating systems such as Windows 98; to resolve this consequence on earlier operating systems, a user would have to use third party font rendering applications.

Problems in different writing systems [edit]

English [edit]

Mojibake in English texts more often than not occurs in punctuation, such every bit em dashes (—), en dashes (–), and curly quotes (",",','), but rarely in grapheme text, since most encodings agree with ASCII on the encoding of the English alphabet. For example, the pound sign "£" will announced every bit "£" if information technology was encoded past the sender equally UTF-eight but interpreted past the recipient every bit CP1252 or ISO 8859-1. If iterated using CP1252, this can lead to "£", "£", "ÃÆ'‚£", etc.

Some computers did, in older eras, have vendor-specific encodings which acquired mismatch also for English text. Commodore make 8-bit computers used PETSCII encoding, particularly notable for inverting the upper and lower example compared to standard ASCII. PETSCII printers worked fine on other computers of the era, but flipped the case of all letters. IBM mainframes use the EBCDIC encoding which does not match ASCII at all.

Other Western European languages [edit]

The alphabets of the Due north Germanic languages, Catalan, Finnish, High german, French, Portuguese and Castilian are all extensions of the Latin alphabet. The additional characters are typically the ones that become corrupted, making texts only mildly unreadable with mojibake:

• å, ä, ö in Finnish and Swedish
• à, ç, è, é, ï, í, ò, ó, ú, ü in Catalan
• æ, ø, å in Norwegian and Danish
• á, é, ó, ij, è, ë, ï in Dutch
• ä, ö, ü, and ß in German
• á, ð, í, ó, ú, ý, æ, ø in Faroese
• á, ð, é, í, ó, ú, ý, þ, æ, ö in Icelandic
• à, â, ç, è, é, ë, ê, ï, î, ô, ù, û, ü, ÿ, æ, œ in French
• à, è, é, ì, ò, ù in Italian
• á, é, í, ñ, ó, ú, ü, ¡, ¿ in Spanish
• à, á, â, ã, ç, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú in Portuguese (ü no longer used)
• á, é, í, ó, ú in Irish
• à, è, ì, ò, ù in Scottish Gaelic
• £ in British English

… and their uppercase counterparts, if applicable.

These are languages for which the ISO-8859-one character set (too known as Latin i or Western) has been in employ. Nonetheless, ISO-8859-1 has been obsoleted by 2 competing standards, the backward compatible Windows-1252, and the slightly contradistinct ISO-8859-15. Both add together the Euro sign € and the French œ, but otherwise any confusion of these iii graphic symbol sets does not create mojibake in these languages. Furthermore, it is e'er safe to translate ISO-8859-1 as Windows-1252, and fairly safe to interpret it as ISO-8859-fifteen, in particular with respect to the Euro sign, which replaces the rarely used currency sign (¤). All the same, with the advent of UTF-8, mojibake has become more common in sure scenarios, e.g. substitution of text files between UNIX and Windows computers, due to UTF-8's incompatibility with Latin-ane and Windows-1252. Only UTF-8 has the ability to be directly recognised by a simple algorithm, so that well written software should be able to avoid mixing UTF-8 up with other encodings, so this was virtually common when many had software non supporting UTF-8. Well-nigh of these languages were supported past MS-DOS default CP437 and other machine default encodings, except ASCII, so problems when buying an operating system version were less common. Windows and MS-DOS are not compatible however.

In Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and German, vowels are rarely repeated, and it is normally obvious when one grapheme gets corrupted, due east.chiliad. the second letter in "kÃ⁠¤rlek" ( kärlek , "beloved"). This way, even though the reader has to approximate between å, ä and ö, well-nigh all texts remain legible. Finnish text, on the other hand, does characteristic repeating vowels in words like hääyö ("wedding night") which tin can sometimes render text very hard to read (east.g. hääyö appears equally "hÃ⁠¤Ã⁠¤yÃ⁠¶"). Icelandic and Faroese have ten and eight possibly misreckoning characters, respectively, which thus tin get in more than difficult to guess corrupted characters; Icelandic words like þjóðlöð ("outstanding hospitality") become near entirely unintelligible when rendered as "þjóðlöð".

In German, Buchstabensalat ("letter salad") is a common term for this phenomenon, and in Spanish, deformación (literally deformation).

Some users transliterate their writing when using a computer, either past omitting the problematic diacritics, or by using digraph replacements (å → aa, ä/æ → ae, ö/ø → oe, ü → ue etc.). Thus, an author might write "ueber" instead of "über", which is standard exercise in German when umlauts are not available. The latter practice seems to be improve tolerated in the German sphere than in the Nordic countries. For example, in Norwegian, digraphs are associated with archaic Danish, and may be used jokingly. However, digraphs are useful in communication with other parts of the earth. As an example, the Norwegian football player Ole Gunnar Solskjær had his name spelled "SOLSKJAER" on his back when he played for Manchester United.

An artifact of UTF-viii misinterpreted equally ISO-8859-1, "Ring one thousand thousand nÃ¥" (" Ring 1000000 nå "), was seen in an SMS scam raging in Norway in June 2014.^[5]

Examples

Swedish instance:		Smörgås (open sandwich)
File encoding	Setting in browser	Upshot
MS-DOS 437	ISO 8859-1	Sm"rg†s
ISO 8859-one	Mac Roman	SmˆrgÂs
UTF-8	ISO 8859-1	Smörgås
UTF-8	Mac Roman	Smörgås

Fundamental and Eastern European [edit]

Users of Central and Eastern European languages tin also exist affected. Considering nigh computers were not connected to whatever network during the mid- to tardily-1980s, in that location were different character encodings for every language with diacritical characters (see ISO/IEC 8859 and KOI-8), often as well varying past operating organisation.

Hungarian [edit]

Hungarian is another affected linguistic communication, which uses the 26 basic English characters, plus the accented forms á, é, í, ó, ú, ö, ü (all present in the Latin-ane graphic symbol gear up), plus the 2 characters ő and ű, which are not in Latin-1. These 2 characters tin be correctly encoded in Latin-2, Windows-1250 and Unicode. Before Unicode became common in electronic mail clients, e-mails containing Hungarian text often had the letters ő and ű corrupted, sometimes to the point of unrecognizability. It is common to reply to an email rendered unreadable (see examples below) past character mangling (referred to equally "betűszemét", meaning "letter of the alphabet garbage") with the phrase "Árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép", a nonsense phrase (literally "Flood-resistant mirror-drilling machine") containing all accented characters used in Hungarian.

Examples [edit]

Source encoding	Target encoding	Result	Occurrence
Hungarian example		ÁRVÍZTŰRŐ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép	Characters in reddish are incorrect and do not lucifer the top-left case.
CP 852	CP 437	╡RV╓ZTδRè TÜKÖRFΘRαGÉP árvízt√rï tükörfúrógép	This was very common in DOS-era when the text was encoded past the Key European CP 852 encoding; yet, the operating organization, a software or printer used the default CP 437 encoding. Please notation that small-example letters are mainly right, exception with ő (ï) and ű (√). Ü/ü is correct because CP 852 was made compatible with German. Nowadays occurs mainly on printed prescriptions and cheques.
CWI-two	CP 437	ÅRVìZTÿRº TÜKÖRFùRòGÉP árvíztûrô tükörfúrógép	The CWI-2 encoding was designed so that the text remains adequately well-readable fifty-fifty if the display or printer uses the default CP 437 encoding. This encoding was heavily used in the 1980s and early on 1990s, but nowadays it is completely deprecated.
Windows-1250	Windows-1252	ÁRVÍZTÛRÕ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztûrõ tükörfúrógép	The default Western Windows encoding is used instead of the Central-European one. Only ő-Ő (õ-Õ) and ű-Ű (û-Û) are incorrect, but the text is completely readable. This is the most common mistake present; due to ignorance, it occurs often on webpages or fifty-fifty in printed media.
CP 852	Windows-1250	µRVÖZTëRŠ TšK™RFéRŕThousand P rvˇztűr‹ t thousand"rfŁr˘thou‚p	Central European Windows encoding is used instead of DOS encoding. The use of ű is correct.
Windows-1250	CP 852	┴RV═ZT█RŇ T▄KÍRF┌RËG╔P ßrvÝztűr§ tŘk÷rf˙rˇgÚp	Central European DOS encoding is used instead of Windows encoding. The employ of ű is correct.
Quoted-printable	7-scrap ASCII	=C1RV=CDZT=DBR=D5 T=DCOne thousand=D6RF=DAR=D3G=C9P =E1rv=EDzt=FBr=F5 t=FC1000=F6rf=FAr=F3g=E9p	Mainly caused by wrongly configured postal service servers but may occur in SMS messages on some jail cell-phones too.
UTF-8	Windows-1252	ÁRVÍZTÅ°RŐ TÃœGrandÖRFÚRÃ"KÉP árvÃztűrÅ' tügörfúróyardép	Mainly caused by wrongly configured web services or webmail clients, which were not tested for international usage (as the problem remains concealed for English texts). In this case the actual (often generated) content is in UTF-eight; nonetheless, information technology is non configured in the HTML headers, so the rendering engine displays it with the default Western encoding.

Shine [edit]

Prior to the creation of ISO 8859-two in 1987, users of various computing platforms used their own character encodings such as AmigaPL on Amiga, Atari Social club on Atari ST and Masovia, IBM CP852, Mazovia and Windows CP1250 on IBM PCs. Smooth companies selling early on DOS computers created their ain mutually-incompatible ways to encode Polish characters and simply reprogrammed the EPROMs of the video cards (typically CGA, EGA, or Hercules) to provide hardware code pages with the needed glyphs for Polish—arbitrarily located without reference to where other computer sellers had placed them.

The situation began to ameliorate when, after pressure level from academic and user groups, ISO 8859-ii succeeded every bit the "Internet standard" with limited support of the dominant vendors' software (today largely replaced by Unicode). With the numerous problems caused by the variety of encodings, even today some users tend to refer to Polish diacritical characters as krzaczki ([ˈkʂät͜ʂ.ki], lit. "footling shrubs").

Russian and other Cyrillic alphabets [edit]

Mojibake may exist colloquially called krakozyabry ( кракозя́бры [krɐkɐˈzʲæbrɪ̈]) in Russian, which was and remains complicated by several systems for encoding Cyrillic.^[6] The Soviet Wedlock and early Russian Federation developed KOI encodings ( Kod Obmena Informatsiey , Код Обмена Информацией , which translates to "Code for Data Commutation"). This began with Cyrillic-only 7-fleck KOI7, based on ASCII but with Latin and another characters replaced with Cyrillic letters. And then came 8-flake KOI8 encoding that is an ASCII extension which encodes Cyrillic letters only with loftier-bit set octets corresponding to 7-bit codes from KOI7. It is for this reason that KOI8 text, fifty-fifty Russian, remains partially readable subsequently stripping the eighth chip, which was considered as a major advantage in the age of 8BITMIME-unaware e-mail systems. For example, words " Школа русского языка " shkola russkogo yazyka , encoded in KOI8 and and so passed through the high flake stripping process, end upwardly rendered equally "[KOLA RUSSKOGO qZYKA". Eventually KOI8 gained different flavors for Russian and Bulgarian (KOI8-R), Ukrainian (KOI8-U), Belorussian (KOI8-RU) and even Tajik (KOI8-T).

Meanwhile, in the West, Code folio 866 supported Ukrainian and Belarusian likewise as Russian/Bulgarian in MS-DOS. For Microsoft Windows, Lawmaking Page 1251 added back up for Serbian and other Slavic variants of Cyrillic.

Most recently, the Unicode encoding includes lawmaking points for practically all the characters of all the world's languages, including all Cyrillic characters.

Before Unicode, information technology was necessary to friction match text encoding with a font using the aforementioned encoding arrangement. Failure to do this produced unreadable gibberish whose specific appearance varied depending on the exact combination of text encoding and font encoding. For example, attempting to view non-Unicode Cyrillic text using a font that is express to the Latin alphabet, or using the default ("Western") encoding, typically results in text that consists nearly entirely of vowels with diacritical marks. (KOI8 " Библиотека " ( biblioteka , library) becomes "âÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÁ".) Using Windows codepage 1251 to view text in KOI8 or vice versa results in garbled text that consists mostly of majuscule letters (KOI8 and codepage 1251 share the aforementioned ASCII region, only KOI8 has uppercase messages in the region where codepage 1251 has lowercase, and vice versa). In full general, Cyrillic gibberish is symptomatic of using the incorrect Cyrillic font. During the early years of the Russian sector of the World Wide Web, both KOI8 and codepage 1251 were common. As of 2017, one tin can yet encounter HTML pages in codepage 1251 and, rarely, KOI8 encodings, likewise as Unicode. (An estimated 1.vii% of all spider web pages worldwide – all languages included – are encoded in codepage 1251.^[7]) Though the HTML standard includes the power to specify the encoding for any given spider web page in its source,^[8] this is sometimes neglected, forcing the user to switch encodings in the browser manually.

In Bulgarian, mojibake is oft chosen majmunica ( маймуница ), meaning "monkey's [alphabet]". In Serbian, it is chosen đubre ( ђубре ), meaning "trash". Dissimilar the erstwhile USSR, South Slavs never used something like KOI8, and Code Page 1251 was the ascendant Cyrillic encoding there before Unicode. Therefore, these languages experienced fewer encoding incompatibility troubles than Russian. In the 1980s, Bulgarian computers used their ain MIK encoding, which is superficially similar to (although incompatible with) CP866.

Example

Russian instance:		Кракозябры ( krakozyabry , garbage characters)
File encoding	Setting in browser	Event
MS-DOS 855	ISO 8859-1	Æá ÆÖóÞ¢áñ
KOI8-R	ISO 8859-i	ëÒÁËÏÚÑÂÒÙ
UTF-8	KOI8-R	п я─п╟п╨п╬п╥я▐п╠я─я▀

Yugoslav languages [edit]

Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian (the seceding varieties of Serbo-Croatian language) and Slovene add together to the basic Latin alphabet the letters š, đ, č, ć, ž, and their upper-case letter counterparts Š, Đ, Č, Ć, Ž (only č/Č, š/Š and ž/Ž in Slovene; officially, although others are used when needed, mostly in strange names, likewise). All of these letters are divers in Latin-2 and Windows-1250, while only some (š, Š, ž, Ž, Đ) be in the usual OS-default Windows-1252, and are in that location because of some other languages.

Although Mojibake can occur with any of these characters, the letters that are not included in Windows-1252 are much more prone to errors. Thus, even nowadays, "šđčćž ŠĐČĆŽ" is ofttimes displayed equally "šðèæž ŠÐÈÆŽ", although ð, è, æ, È, Æ are never used in Slavic languages.

When confined to basic ASCII (well-nigh user names, for example), common replacements are: š→s, đ→dj, č→c, ć→c, ž→z (capital forms analogously, with Đ→Dj or Đ→DJ depending on give-and-take instance). All of these replacements innovate ambiguities, and so reconstructing the original from such a form is usually washed manually if required.

The Windows-1252 encoding is important because the English language versions of the Windows operating system are well-nigh widespread, not localized ones.^{[ citation needed ]} The reasons for this include a relatively small and fragmented market, increasing the price of high quality localization, a high degree of software piracy (in plow caused by high price of software compared to income), which discourages localization efforts, and people preferring English versions of Windows and other software.^{[ commendation needed ]}

The drive to differentiate Croatian from Serbian, Bosnian from Croatian and Serbian, and now even Montenegrin from the other three creates many problems. At that place are many different localizations, using dissimilar standards and of different quality. There are no mutual translations for the vast corporeality of computer terminology originating in English. In the cease, people employ adopted English words ("kompjuter" for "computer", "kompajlirati" for "compile," etc.), and if they are unaccustomed to the translated terms may non empathise what some choice in a menu is supposed to do based on the translated phrase. Therefore, people who understand English, as well as those who are accustomed to English terminology (who are most, because English terminology is as well mostly taught in schools because of these problems) regularly cull the original English versions of non-specialist software.

When Cyrillic script is used (for Macedonian and partially Serbian), the problem is similar to other Cyrillic-based scripts.

Newer versions of English Windows permit the code page to exist inverse (older versions require special English versions with this support), but this setting tin be and frequently was incorrectly set. For example, Windows 98 and Windows Me tin can exist set to virtually non-right-to-left single-byte lawmaking pages including 1250, but simply at install time.

Caucasian languages [edit]

The writing systems of certain languages of the Caucasus region, including the scripts of Georgian and Armenian, may produce mojibake. This problem is particularly acute in the case of ArmSCII or ARMSCII, a ready of obsolete character encodings for the Armenian alphabet which have been superseded past Unicode standards. ArmSCII is not widely used because of a lack of support in the computer industry. For example, Microsoft Windows does not support information technology.

Asian encodings [edit]

Another blazon of mojibake occurs when text is erroneously parsed in a multi-byte encoding, such as one of the encodings for East Asian languages. With this kind of mojibake more one (typically two) characters are corrupted at once, e.yard. "k舐lek" ( kärlek ) in Swedish, where " är " is parsed as "舐". Compared to the above mojibake, this is harder to read, since letters unrelated to the problematic å, ä or ö are missing, and is especially problematic for short words starting with å, ä or ö such as "än" (which becomes "舅"). Since two messages are combined, the mojibake too seems more random (over 50 variants compared to the normal three, non counting the rarer capitals). In some rare cases, an entire text cord which happens to include a pattern of particular word lengths, such as the sentence "Bush hid the facts", may be misinterpreted.

Vietnamese [edit]

In Vietnamese, the miracle is called chữ ma , loạn mã can occur when computer try to encode diacritic character defined in Windows-1258, TCVN3 or VNI to UTF-viii. Chữ ma was common in Vietnam when user was using Windows XP estimator or using cheap mobile phone.

Example:		Trăm năm trong cõi người ta (Truyện Kiều, Nguyễn Du)
Original encoding	Target encoding	Result
Windows-1258	UTF-8	Trăone thousand năm trong cõi người ta
TCVN3	UTF-8	Tr¨thou north¨m trong câi ngêi ta
VNI (Windows)	UTF-8	Traêthousand naêm trong coõi ngöôøi ta

Japanese [edit]

In Japanese, the same phenomenon is, as mentioned, called mojibake ( 文字化け ). It is a detail trouble in Japan due to the numerous different encodings that exist for Japanese text. Alongside Unicode encodings like UTF-8 and UTF-16, there are other standard encodings, such as Shift-JIS (Windows machines) and EUC-JP (UNIX systems). Mojibake, every bit well as being encountered by Japanese users, is also ofttimes encountered by not-Japanese when attempting to run software written for the Japanese market.

Chinese [edit]

In Chinese, the same phenomenon is called Luàn mǎ (Pinyin, Simplified Chinese 乱码 , Traditional Chinese 亂碼 , significant 'chaotic lawmaking'), and can occur when computerised text is encoded in one Chinese character encoding simply is displayed using the incorrect encoding. When this occurs, it is often possible to ready the issue past switching the graphic symbol encoding without loss of data. The situation is complicated because of the existence of several Chinese character encoding systems in use, the virtually common ones being: Unicode, Big5, and Guobiao (with several backward compatible versions), and the possibility of Chinese characters being encoded using Japanese encoding.

Information technology is like shooting fish in a barrel to place the original encoding when luanma occurs in Guobiao encodings:

Original encoding	Viewed as	Result	Original text	Annotation
Big5	GB	?T瓣в变巨肚	三國志曹操傳	Garbled Chinese characters with no hint of original meaning. The reddish character is not a valid codepoint in GB2312.
Shift-JIS	GB	暥帤壔偗僥僗僩	文字化けテスト	Kana is displayed equally characters with the radical 亻, while kanji are other characters. Most of them are extremely uncommon and non in practical apply in modern Chinese.
EUC-KR	GB	叼力捞钙胶 抛农聪墨	디제이맥스 테크니카	Random common Simplified Chinese characters which in near cases make no sense. Hands identifiable because of spaces between every several characters.

An additional trouble is acquired when encodings are missing characters, which is common with rare or antiquated characters that are still used in personal or place names. Examples of this are Taiwanese politicians Wang Chien-shien (Chinese: 王建煊; pinyin: Wáng Jiànxuān )'s "煊", Yu Shyi-kun (simplified Chinese: 游锡堃; traditional Chinese: 游錫堃; pinyin: Yóu Xíkūn )'due south "堃" and vocaliser David Tao (Chinese: 陶喆; pinyin: Táo Zhé )'s "喆" missing in Big5, ex-Communist china Premier Zhu Rongji (Chinese: 朱镕基; pinyin: Zhū Róngjī )'south "镕" missing in GB2312, copyright symbol "©" missing in GBK.^[nine]

Newspapers have dealt with this problem in various ways, including using software to combine two existing, similar characters; using a film of the personality; or simply substituting a homophone for the rare character in the hope that the reader would be able to make the correct inference.

Indic text [edit]

A similar upshot tin occur in Brahmic or Indic scripts of Southern asia, used in such Indo-Aryan or Indic languages as Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu), Bengali, Punjabi, Marathi, and others, even if the character set employed is properly recognized by the application. This is because, in many Indic scripts, the rules by which individual letter symbols combine to create symbols for syllables may not be properly understood by a computer missing the appropriate software, even if the glyphs for the private letter forms are available.

One example of this is the one-time Wikipedia logo, which attempts to show the character coordinating to "wi" (the first syllable of "Wikipedia") on each of many puzzle pieces. The puzzle piece meant to bear the Devanagari grapheme for "wi" instead used to display the "wa" character followed by an unpaired "i" modifier vowel, easily recognizable as mojibake generated past a reckoner not configured to display Indic text.^[10] The logo as redesigned equally of May 2010^[ref] has fixed these errors.

The idea of Apparently Text requires the operating arrangement to provide a font to brandish Unicode codes. This font is different from Os to OS for Singhala and it makes orthographically incorrect glyphs for some messages (syllables) beyond all operating systems. For case, the 'reph', the short form for 'r' is a diacritic that normally goes on top of a plain letter. However, it is wrong to keep meridian of some letters like 'ya' or 'la' in specific contexts. For Sanskritic words or names inherited by modern languages, such as कार्य, IAST: kārya, or आर्या, IAST: āryā, it is apt to put it on elevation of these letters. By contrast, for like sounds in modernistic languages which result from their specific rules, it is not put on top, such as the give-and-take करणाऱ्या, IAST: karaṇāryā, a stem form of the common word करणारा/री, IAST: karaṇārā/rī, in the Marathi language.^[11] But information technology happens in most operating systems. This appears to be a fault of internal programming of the fonts. In Mac Bone and iOS, the muurdhaja 50 (nighttime l) and 'u' combination and its long course both yield incorrect shapes.^{[ citation needed ]}

Some Indic and Indic-derived scripts, most notably Lao, were not officially supported by Windows XP until the release of Vista.^[12] Even so, various sites have made free-to-download fonts.

Burmese [edit]

Due to Western sanctions^[13] and the late arrival of Burmese linguistic communication support in computers,^{[fourteen] [15]} much of the early Burmese localization was homegrown without international cooperation. The prevailing means of Burmese support is via the Zawgyi font, a font that was created as a Unicode font just was in fact simply partially Unicode compliant.^[fifteen] In the Zawgyi font, some codepoints for Burmese script were implemented as specified in Unicode, just others were not.^[sixteen] The Unicode Consortium refers to this as advert hoc font encodings.^[17] With the advent of mobile phones, mobile vendors such as Samsung and Huawei simply replaced the Unicode compliant arrangement fonts with Zawgyi versions.^[fourteen]

Due to these advertising hoc encodings, communications between users of Zawgyi and Unicode would render every bit garbled text. To go around this issue, content producers would make posts in both Zawgyi and Unicode.^[eighteen] Myanmar government has designated 1 October 2019 as "U-Twenty-four hour period" to officially switch to Unicode.^[13] The total transition is estimated to accept two years.^[xix]

African languages [edit]

In certain writing systems of Africa, unencoded text is unreadable. Texts that may produce mojibake include those from the Horn of Africa such every bit the Ge'ez script in Ethiopia and Eritrea, used for Amharic, Tigre, and other languages, and the Somali language, which employs the Osmanya alphabet. In Southern Africa, the Mwangwego alphabet is used to write languages of Malawi and the Mandombe alphabet was created for the Democratic Republic of the Congo, but these are not generally supported. Various other writing systems native to West Africa nowadays similar problems, such as the Due north'Ko alphabet, used for Manding languages in Guinea, and the Vai syllabary, used in Liberia.

Arabic [edit]

Another affected language is Standard arabic (see below). The text becomes unreadable when the encodings do not match.

Examples [edit]

File encoding	Setting in browser	Outcome
Arabic instance:		(Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Browser rendering:		الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان
UTF-viii	Windows-1252	الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان
	KOI8-R	О╩©ь╖ы└ь╔ь╧ы└ь╖ы├ ь╖ы└ь╧ь╖ы└ы┘ы┴ ы└ь╜ы┌ы┬ы┌ ь╖ы└ь╔ы├ьЁь╖ы├
	ISO 8859-5	яЛПиЇй�иЅиЙй�иЇй� иЇй�иЙиЇй�й�й� й�ий�й�й� иЇй�иЅй�иГиЇй�
	CP 866	я╗┐╪з┘Д╪е╪╣┘Д╪з┘Ж ╪з┘Д╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е┘Й ┘Д╪н┘В┘И┘В ╪з┘Д╪е┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж
	ISO 8859-6	ُ؛؟ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ظ�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ع�ع� ع�ظع�ع�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�
	ISO 8859-2	اŮ�ŘĽŘšŮ�اŮ� اŮ�ؚاŮ�Ů�Ů� Ů�ŘŮ�Ů�Ů� اŮ�ŘĽŮ�ساŮ�
Windows-1256	Windows-1252	ÇáÅÚáÇä ÇáÚÇáãì áÍÞæÞ ÇáÅäÓÇä

The examples in this article do not have UTF-8 equally browser setting, because UTF-viii is easily recognisable, so if a browser supports UTF-8 information technology should recognise it automatically, and not effort to translate something else every bit UTF-8.

Come across also [edit]

• Code bespeak
• Replacement grapheme
• Substitute character
• Newline – The conventions for representing the line pause differ between Windows and Unix systems. Though virtually software supports both conventions (which is fiddling), software that must preserve or display the difference (due east.k. version command systems and data comparison tools) can go substantially more than difficult to use if not adhering to one convention.
• Byte order marker – The almost in-band way to store the encoding together with the information – prepend it. This is by intention invisible to humans using compliant software, but will by pattern be perceived as "garbage characters" to incompliant software (including many interpreters).
• HTML entities – An encoding of special characters in HTML, mostly optional, but required for certain characters to escape interpretation as markup.

  While failure to use this transformation is a vulnerability (run across cross-site scripting), applying information technology too many times results in garbling of these characters. For example, the quotation mark " becomes ", ", " and then on.

• Bush-league hid the facts

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} King, Ritchie (2012). "Will unicode soon be the universal lawmaking? [The Data]". IEEE Spectrum. 49 (7): sixty. doi:ten.1109/MSPEC.2012.6221090.
2. ^ WINDISCHMANN, Stephan (31 March 2004). "curlicue -v linux.ars (Internationalization)". Ars Technica . Retrieved 5 Oct 2018.
3. ^ "Guidelines for extended attributes". 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2015-02-15 .
4. ^ "Unicode mailinglist on the Eudora electronic mail client". 2001-05-13. Retrieved 2014-eleven-01 .
5. ^ "sms-scam". June 18, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
6. ^ p. 141, Control + Alt + Delete: A Dictionary of Cyberslang, Jonathon Keats, Earth Pequot, 2007, ISBN 1-59921-039-8.
7. ^ "Usage of Windows-1251 for websites".
8. ^ "Declaring character encodings in HTML".
9. ^ "China GBK (XGB)". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2002-10-01. Conversion map betwixt Code page 936 and Unicode. Need manually selecting GB18030 or GBK in browser to view it correctly.
10. ^ Cohen, Noam (June 25, 2007). "Some Errors Defy Fixes: A Typo in Wikipedia's Logo Fractures the Sanskrit". The New York Times . Retrieved July 17, 2009.
11. ^ https://marathi.indiatyping.com/
12. ^ "Content Moved (Windows)". Msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2014-02-05 .
13. ^ ^{a b} "Unicode in, Zawgyi out: Modernity finally catches upwards in Myanmar's digital world". The Nippon Times. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019. October. ane is "U-Day", when Myanmar officially will adopt the new system.... Microsoft and Apple tree helped other countries standardize years ago, but Western sanctions meant Myanmar lost out.
14. ^ ^{a b} Hotchkiss, Griffin (March 23, 2016). "Battle of the fonts". Frontier Myanmar . Retrieved 24 December 2019. With the release of Windows XP service pack 2, circuitous scripts were supported, which made it possible for Windows to render a Unicode-compliant Burmese font such as Myanmar1 (released in 2005). ... Myazedi, Flake, and later Zawgyi, circumscribed the rendering problem by adding extra code points that were reserved for Myanmar's ethnic languages. Not only does the re-mapping prevent future indigenous language support, information technology too results in a typing system that tin be disruptive and inefficient, even for experienced users. ... Huawei and Samsung, the ii virtually pop smartphone brands in Myanmar, are motivated merely by capturing the largest market share, which means they back up Zawgyi out of the box.
15. ^ ^{a b} Sin, Thant (seven September 2019). "Unified nether one font organisation as Myanmar prepares to migrate from Zawgyi to Unicode". Ascent Voices . Retrieved 24 December 2019. Standard Myanmar Unicode fonts were never mainstreamed unlike the individual and partially Unicode compliant Zawgyi font. ... Unicode will amend tongue processing
16. ^ "Why Unicode is Needed". Google Code: Zawgyi Project . Retrieved 31 Oct 2013.
17. ^ "Myanmar Scripts and Languages". Frequently Asked Questions. Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 24 December 2019. "UTF-8" technically does not apply to advertisement hoc font encodings such as Zawgyi.
18. ^ LaGrow, Nick; Pruzan, Miri (September 26, 2019). "Integrating autoconversion: Facebook'south path from Zawgyi to Unicode - Facebook Engineering". Facebook Applied science. Facebook. Retrieved 25 Dec 2019. It makes advice on digital platforms difficult, as content written in Unicode appears garbled to Zawgyi users and vice versa. ... In order to better accomplish their audiences, content producers in Myanmar often postal service in both Zawgyi and Unicode in a single post, not to mention English or other languages.
19. ^ Saw Yi Nanda (21 November 2019). "Myanmar switch to Unicode to have two years: app developer". The Myanmar Times . Retrieved 24 December 2019.

External links [edit]

reedfambireett.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibake

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